Acid modified adhesive compositions

ABSTRACT

It has been discovered that by adding one or more strong organic carboxylic acids to conventional acrylate and/or methacrylate based adhesive compositions, the bonding characteristics thereof change dramatically. 
     Thermoplastic materials whose bondability is most dramatically enhanced by the compositions of the present invention are nylon and blends of nylon and nylon-like materials with other polymers. 
     Thermoset materials which exhibit dramatically enhanced bondability comprise homogeneous materials such as epoxies, and composite materials such as polyesters, urethanes, and/or epoxies, containing glass, minerals, and the like, which are polar or have hydrogen bonding capability. 
     The present invention thus utilizes acrylate and/or methacrylate based adhesive compositions as a base material. To this base material is added an effective amount of one or more strong organic carboxylic acids, e.g., acids having a relatively high dissociation constant (K d  or K 1d ). It has further been discovered that, the addition of water to these acids can increase their effectiveness, apparently through partial or enhanced solubility, which is believed to aid in the dissociation thereof.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The present invention is directed to improved polymerizable acrylate and/or methacrylate based adhesive compositions, well suited for bonding typical plastic components, and especially well suited for the bonding of the so-called "difficult to bond" plastics (e.g., chemical-, environmental-, and solvent-resistant plastics) and like components.

Traditionally, the adhesive bonding of plastics has been a difficult task, requiring either a great deal of surface preparation and/or the use of highly specialized adhesive formulations. Such methods and compositions are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,397,707 to Dawdy, 4,200,480 to Wolinski et al., 3,987,122 to Bartz et al., 3,962,498 to Owston, and 3,873,640 to Owston et al.

Polymerizable acrylate and/or methacrylate based adhesives generally exhibit good adhesion on unprimed non-crystalline thermoplastic materials. It is believed that this good adhesion results because the base monomer (such as methyl methacrylate) can solvate the plastic prior to hardening to provide the needed "bite" for strong bonds.

Many advanced thermoplastic materials that are either currently being used or have been considered for automotive structural applications are designed or have been modified for enhanced heat resistance, dimensional stability, environmental durability and chemical resistance (e.g., to gasoline, detergents, etc). Such designs and modifications often make these plastics inherently difficult to bond through the solvating effect which occurs with typical acrylate or methacrylate based adhesives.

Specifically, polyurethane and epoxy adhesives normally used in automotive bonding applications bond many of these materials only with the use of extensive pretreatment, if at all. Both of these adhesive classes require long cure times at ambient temperature and/or exposure to elevated temperatures to effect even handling strength. Systems designed for faster development of strength often have extremely short and impractical working life.

Thus, some alternative method of providing the necessary anchoring capability on the bonding surfaces of difficult plastic materials is necessary.

The present invention thus provides economical adhesive agents which provide surprisingly effective bonding for components which include solvent-resistant plastics and like materials.

In addition, the adhesive agents of the present invention either improve or maintain the ability to bond conventional plastic materials in comparison with conventional adhesives of this type.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention is directed to improved acrylate and/or methacrylate adhesive compositions. Specifically, the improved adhesive compositions of the present invention, unlike their unimproved predecessor compositions, are able to bond certain solvent-resistant plastics and like materials as defined herein, with bond strengths preferably exceeding the deformation or breaking strength of the bonded materials themselves.

It has been discovered that by adding one or more strong organic carboxylic acids to conventional acrylate and/or methacrylate based adhesive compositions, the bonding characteristics thereof change dramatically.

It is believed that the addition of a strong organic acid to acrylate and/or methacrylate based adhesives acts to promote adhesion to solvent-resistant and/or heat-resistant plastics, and the like, due to interactions at the molecular level, e.g., through hydrogen bonding, and the like.

As used herein, the terms "solvent-resistant, "chemical-resistant," "environmental-resistant," and "heat-resistant" are used when referring to plastics to describe those materials which in the past have been considered "difficult" (if not impossible) to bond with conventional acrylate or methacrylate based adhesive compositions. It is believed that this difficulty may be due to the inability of the acrylate and/or methacrylate monomers to solvate such plastics. Such materials generally have a polymeric structure or a like chemical make-up which makes them inherently resistant to the effect of solvents, heat, and other environmental agents. These materials also generally include within their structure, hydrogen bonding acceptor sites which are formed by electron rich atoms (e.g., N, O, or the like) or by similar electronegative groups. The main classes of these materials are the thermoplastics and thermosets.

Solvent-resistant thermoplastic materials whose bondability is most dramatically enhanced by the compositions of the present invention are generally polar and/or crystalline polymers or blends of such polymers and include nylon and blends of nylon and nylon-like materials with other polymers, such as polyimides and blends of polyimide with other polymers such as polyester.

Solvent-resistant thermoset materials which exhibit dramatically enhanced bondability with the adhesive compositions of the present invention generally comprise polar, solvent-resistant, materials, and include homogeneous materials such as epoxies and urethanes, and composite materials such as polyesters, urethanes, and/or epoxies, containing fillers such as glass, minerals, carbon, and the like. In the case of composite thermoset materials, either the base material (epoxy, urethane, polyester, etc.) or the filler (or both) may have the requisite hydrogen bonding capability, or other requisite adhesion promoting characteristics.

The present invention thus utilizes acrylate and/or methacrylate based adhesive compositions as a base material. To this base material is added an effective amount of one or more strong organic acids, i.e., acids having a relatively high dissociation constant (K_(d)). It has further been discovered that, the addition of water to compositions containing these acids can increase their effectiveness, apparently through partial or enhanced solubility, which is believed to aid in the dissociation thereof. These adhesive effects can further be enhanced by heat treatment of the bonds either during or after the bonding step (or both).

The amount of the strong organic acid to be added to the adhesive base composition varies with both the acid and the adhesive. Most of the strong organic acids used in the adhesive compositions of the present invention are water soluble, and thus many are insoluble in typical acrylate and/or methacrylate based adhesive formulations. The strong organic acids of the present invention can be used in mixtures with the standard adhesive acids, e.g., acrylic and/or methacrylic acid.

Typically the acid or mixture of acids is added to the adhesive formulation as a dispersion in an amount ranging from about 0.1 parts to 20 parts per hundred (pph), preferably from about 0.5 to 10 pph (based upon the weight of the formulation). Optionally, the acid can be dissolved in a sufficient amount of water and the mixture added to the adhesive. Those acids which are directly soluble in the adhesive base formulation may be added without prior solubilization.

As used herein, the term "strong organic acid" means that the acid is generally an organic carboxylic acid, e.g., R--COOH, (wherein R may be alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, and the like) so long as the relative "acid strength" of the organic acid is high. By definition, di- and poly-basic acids as well as mixed acids are included within this definition.

To determine relative acid strength, one of two standards is employed herein:

The first standard makes use of the literature value for the dissociation constant (K_(d)) of the acid (at about 23° C., i.e., room temperature). To be useful herein, the K_(d) value is generally within the range of from about 1×10⁻⁴ to about 10×10⁻¹, preferably from about 1×10⁻² to about 1×10⁻¹. In the case of di- or poly-carboxylic acids, the K_(d) value used as a measure of the relative acid strength is the dissociation constant for the first acidic proton, i.e., K_(1d).

The second standard for determining relative acid strength is generally applied to acids having no readily ascertainable K_(d) value. Under this standard, the pH of an 0.2N aqueous solution of the acid is measured. Such solutions of the acids useful in the present invention generally have pH values within the range of from about 1.2 to 2.3, preferably from about 1.3 to 2.0.

In the currently most preferred embodiments, the adhesive base formulation comprises (1) an acrylate-based or methacrylate-based ester monomer; (2) a catalyst; and either (3a) a chlorinated polyethylene polymer resin and sulfonyl chloride; or (3b) a chlorosulfonated polyethylene polymer resin; and (4) a graft copolymer resin having a backbone polymer with a glass transition temperature substantially below ambient temperature and a grafted polymer resin having a glass transition temperature substantially above ambient temperature.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

The present invention utilizes acrylate and/or methacrylate based adhesive compositions as a base material. To this base material is added an effective amount of one or more strong organic acids and optionally, an effective amount of water, either if necessary, or if desired, to effect dissolution of the acid or to enhance its effectiveness.

The present invention represents a dramatic discovery in that acrylate and/or methacrylate based adhesive formulations can be modified such that they will bond many solvent, chemical, and/or heat-resistant plastics.

While not wishing to be bound by theory, it is believed that the modified adhesive formulations of the present invention contain efficient hydrogen bonding donors which interact with what are perceived to be hydrogen bonding "acceptor" sites on the nylon and/or plastic polymer surfaces. Alternatively, or additionally, the modified adhesive formulations of the present invention may participate in a solvating-action with the materials being bonded, more effectively than previous adhesives.

The improvements noted with adhesive formulations modified in accord with the present invention are surprisingly greater than expected for the following reasons:

(1) The preferred strong organic acids useful herein are the strong organic--carboxylic acids. Many of these acids are substantially immiscible with conventional acrylate and/or methacrylate based adhesive compositions (in the absence of water) and are dispersed rather than intimately dissolved therein. It would be expected that little if any interaction between the acids and the adhesive formulation would result from such mixing.

(2) The adhesives modified in accordance with the present invention gave very strong bonds at room temperature on standard "as received" nylon which is believed to be a new accomplishment in this art. The conventional method of bonding nylon involves the use of phenol (or its derivatives) and requires heat to effect strong bonding.

(3) The modified adhesives of the present invention also provided strong bonds to low-profile fiberglass sheet molding compound (SMC) which has previously been difficult or impossible to bond using conventional acrylate/methacrylate adhesives.

As described above, the novel adhesive compositions of the present invention are especially useful for bonding solvent-resistant thermoplastics and thermosets. In addition to the nylon-6, nylon 6-6 and nylon 6-12 types of thermoplastics, the following table (I) lists additional commercially available thermoplastics and thermoplastic alloys, some of which contain nylon or nylon-like polymers that are bondable with the adhesive compositions of the present invention.

                  TABLE I                                                          ______________________________________                                         Thermoplastic                                                                             Composition     Manufacturer                                        ______________________________________                                         BEXLOY     amorphous       Du Pont                                                        nylon                                                               ALCRYN     amorphous       Du Pont                                                        halogenated                                                                    polyolefin                                                                     thermoplastic                                                                  elastomer                                                           LOMOD      modified        General Electric                                               polyester                                                                      elastomer                                                           NORYL GTX  nylon           General Electric                                               modified                                                                       PPO                                                                            (polyphenyleneoxide)                                                ELEMID     nylon           Borg-Warner                                                    modified                                                                       ABS                                                                 POCAN      modified        Mobay                                                          polyester                                                           ______________________________________                                    

Table II sets forth a number of commercially available thermoset materials which exhibit superior bonding performance with the adhesive compositions of the present invention.

                  TABLE II                                                         ______________________________________                                         Thermoset/Composite                                                                            Composition  Manufacturer                                      ______________________________________                                         Sheet molding compound                                                                         polyester/glass                                                                             Ashland                                           (SMC)-low profile            Chemical;                                                                      Diversitech                                                                    Chemical;                                                                      Budd Co.;                                                                      Premix;                                                                        Owens-Corning                                                                  Fiberglass;                                                                    etc.                                              RIM Urethane    urethane/glass                                                                              Mobay;                                            (Reaction Injection          Dow;                                              Molded)                      etc.                                              Epoxies         homogeneous  several                                                           epoxy/glass  several                                                           epoxy/graphite                                                                              several                                                           epoxy/Kelvar several                                           ______________________________________                                    

The materials listed in Tables I and II are by no means exclusive, but are intended only to demonstrate the range of materials bondable by the adhesive compositions of the present invention. For example, certain multiphase materials, such as ALCRYN from Du Pont, which is a proprietary, polar, solvent-resistant, modified halogenated polyolefin thermoplastic elastomer, are readily bonded by the adhesive compositions of the present invention.

When steel (or other metal) is bonded to any of the above-described plastics, it is often desirable to use a corrosion-resistant primer on the metal such as the commonly employed electrodeposited epoxy pretreatment known as "E" coat, manufactured and sold by the Pittsburgh Paint Glass (PPG) Company.

The present invention provides improved acrylic and/or methacrylic ester based adhesive compositions. General adhesive formulations based upon derivatives of acrylic acid and/or methacrylic acid are well known, but they do not have the bonding characteristics of the present adhesive compositions.

In one preferred embodiment of the present invention, the adhesive base formulation may be used either as a two-part system or as a system using a primer. In either case, the critical components of such a preferred composition comprise an effective amount of a solution of a sulfur--bearing composition selected from the group of chlorosulfonated polyethylene and a mixture of sulfonyl chloride with chlorinated polyethylene in a polymerizable vinyl monomer or a mixture of monomers and a polymerization catalyst.

Such an effective amount of the sulfur-bearing composition should contain from about 25 to 70 weight percent chlorine and from about 3 to 160 mmoles of sulfonyl chloride moiety per 100 grams of polymer and the polyethylene from which the chlorosulfonated or chlorinated polyethylene is prepared should have a melt index of from about 4 to 500. The solution can have a Brookfield viscosity of up to about 1 million. Materials such as these are described in Briggs et al., U.S. Pat. No. 3,890,407, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference.

In another preferred embodiment of the present invention, the adhesive base formulation will comprise a polymer-in-monomer solution, an organic sulfonyl chloride species having up to 20 carbon atoms, and/or a chlorosulfonated polymer, a polymerization catalyst and an accelerator. The polymer of the polymer-in-monomer solution (as distinguished from any chlorosulfonated polymer) is present in an amount ranging from about 10 to 75 weight percent (based upon the weight of the entire solution, i.e., polymer, monomer, and organic sulfonyl chloride). The adhesive base formulation has a viscosity between about 2000 centipoise and about 1 million centipoise. The monomers employed in the base formulation are acrylic acid and/or methacrylic acid based esters. The organic sulfonyl chloride is present in an amount such that from about 3 to 160 mmoles of sulfonyl chloride groups are present per 100 grams of polymer. The polymerization catalyst is present in an amount of up 15 percent by weight of the solution, and usually in an amount within the range of from about 0.2 to 5 percent by weight. Preferred polymerization catalysts for this base formulation include free radical generators such as organic peroxides, organic hydroperoxides and organic peresters. The accelerator (or activator) is present in an amount within the range of from about 0.01 to 10 percent by weight, preferably from about 0.1 to 5 weight percent. Materials such as these are described in Briggs et al., U.S. Pat. No. 4,182,644, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference.

Acrylate and/or methacrylate monomers constitute the preferred principal reactants of the base adhesive formulation of the present invention. The preferred acrylate and/or methacrylate monomers comprise an acrylate-based or methacrylate-based material, such as an ester monomer. Such reactants are generally the reaction products of acrylic and/or methacrylic acids with one or more mono- or polybasic, substituted or unsubstituted, alkyl (C₁ to C₁₈), aryl, aralkyl, or heterocyclic alcohols. Preferably, the ester monomers are alkyl monomers, most preferably, C₁ to C₄ alkyl esters. In the case of heterocyclic esters, the preferred heteroatom is oxygen. When the alkyl ester contains more than about six carbon atoms, such esters are preferably used in blends with lower alkyl esters.

In the most preferred embodiments, the methacrylate-based ester monomer is selected from materials such as methyl methacrylate, ethyl methacrylate, butyl methacrylate, cyclohexyl methacrylate, 2-ethylhexyl methacrylate, and tetrahydrofurfuryl methacrylate. Still more preferably, the methacrylate-based ester monomer is selected from the group consisting of methyl methacrylate and ethyl methacrylate. Most preferably, the methacrylate-based ester monomer is methyl methacrylate. Adhesive compositions based upon these preferred monomers are described in Briggs, U.S. Pat. No. 4,536,546, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference.

In certain instances it is desirable that the methacrylate-based ester monomer include an effective amount of an inhibitor for inhibiting or otherwise preventing polymerization of the ester monomer. For example, several of the preferred compositions of the present invention which include methyl methacrylate ester monomer, may also contain from about 10 to about 1500 parts per million (ppm) of hydroquinone or hydroquinone monomethyl ether in the ester monomer as such an inhibitor.

The preferred composition of the present invention further includes a catalyst. As used herein, the term "catalyst" means a free-radical generator. Free-radical generators include organic peroxides, organic hydroperoxides, peresters, and peracids. As is well known in the field of acrylate-based and methacrylate-based compositions, such a catalyst is used for triggering polymerization of acrylate-based and methacrylate-based monomers. Preferred catalysts in the composition of the present invention are cumene hydroperoxide and methyl ethyl ketone peroxide, both of which are known free-radical generators.

The most preferred composition of the present invention additionally includes either a chlorinated or a chlorosulfonated polyethylene polymer resin. Preferably, however, the composition includes chlorosulfonated polyethylene polymer, the resin which, in turn, preferably contains from about 25 to about 70 weight percent chlorine and from about 3 to about 160 millimoles of sulfonyl chloride moiety per 100 grams of polymer. A most preferred chlorosulfonated polyethylene polymer resin employed in the composition of the present invention is marketed under the trademark "HYPALON 30" and is commercially available from E. I. Du Pont de Nemours & Company of Wilmington, Del., 19898.

The preferred composition of the present invention also preferably includes a catalyst activator (or initiator). The most preferred initiators comprise condensation products of butyraldehyde and butylamine or aniline. Such condensation products, marketed under the trademarks "VANAX 833" and "VANAX 808," respectively, are currently commercially available from the R. T. Vanderbilt Company, Inc., 230 Park Avenue, New York, NY 10017.

In addition to the preferred catalyst and catalyst activator components set forth above, other well known free radical generating moieties or combinations of peroxides and reducing agents (i.e., "redox" catalyst systems) may be used herein, provided that none of the added components interfere with the action of the strong organic acid (or vice versa). Such formulations are well known to those artisans skilled in the field of acrylate based adhesives.

The preferred composition of the present invention further includes a graft co-polymer resin. Such graft co-polymer resins have generally been found useful as physical property-modifiers of PVC, or other normally-rigid plastics or the like. See, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 3,845,164 to Goto et al., the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference.

Such physical property modifiers, moreover, have been found to increase flexibility and impact resistance of many normally-rigid plastics. In such a use, the graft co-polymer is generally a relatively small particle which, for example, can be dispersed throughout the normally-rigid plastic prior to the injection molding thereof.

The preferred graft co-polymers used in the preferred composition of the present invention provide improved spreading and flow properties to the uncured adhesive compositions. Such improved flow properties are highly desirable in certain adhesive applications. For example, when an adhesive is applied to an article by means of a syringe-type applicator, many commercially available adhesives undesirably form a "string" of adhesive which generally extends from a first point of the article (where the adhesive is applied) to a second point (a subsequent position of the applicator) spaced from the first point. The flow properties of the composition of the present invention are such that a relatively small droplet of such adhesive is topically applied to the point of application on the article to be bonded, with no adhesive string extending therefrom.

In the preferred composition of the present invention, it is believed that the methacrylate-based ester monomers polymerize and at least partially attach themselves to the chlorosulfonated polyethylene polymer resin backbone.

The preferred graft co-polymer resins used in the composition of the present invention are selected from the group consisting of acrylonitrile-butadine-styrene (ABS), methacrylate-butadiene-styrene (MBS), methacrylate-acrylonitrile-butadine-styrene (MABS), acrylate-styrene-acrylonitrile (ASA), all-acrylics, styrene-acrylonitrile grafted onto elastomeric backbones of ethylene-propylene-diene-monomer (SAEPDM), and methacrylic-acrylic rubber-styrene (MAS). The most preferred graft co-polymer resins are selected from the group consisting of MABS, ASA, all-acrylic and MBS.

The ABS graft co-polymer resin preferably has a styrene-butadiene rubber core and a styrene-acrylonitrile shell.

The MBS graft co-polymer resin preferably has a styrene-butadiene rubber core and a shell of acrylic polymer or co-polymer.

The MABS graft co-polymer preferably has a styrene-butadiene rubber core and a shell of methacrylate-acrylonitrile co-polymer. More preferably, the MABS graft co-polymer resin has a core, which is approximately 75% by weight of the total weight thereof, which consists of butadiene and styrene in the weight ratio of about 50 to 25, and a shell of methyl methacrylate and acrylonitrile in the weight ratio of about 20 to 5.

The preferred ASA graft co-polymer resin is substantially as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,944,631 to Yu et al., the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference. A most-preferred ASA graft co-polymer resin, marketed under the trademark "SCC 1015" (see Table III below), is substantially as described in the '631 patent and includes a crosslinked acrylate elastomer, a crosslinked styrene-acrylonitrile co-polymer and a linear styrene-acrylonitrile co-polymer. The most-preferred ASA graft co-polymer resin, moreover, appears morphologically to be made of interpenetrating polymer networks.

Preferred all-acrylic graft co-polymer resins are as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,985,703 to Ferry et al., the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference. Most-preferred all-acrylic graft co-polymer resins, marketed under the Trademarks "KM 323 B" and "KM 330" (see Table III below), have a rubber-type core which is approximately 75% of the total weight thereof, which consists of butyl methacrylate-type monomers and a shell of methyl methacrylate.

The following table (III) lists manufacturers (past and present) and trademarks of the preferred and most-preferred graft co-polymer resins, discussed hereinabove. The commercial availability of these materials from their original maker is by no means guaranteed by virtue of this listing. As the skilled artisan is well aware, alternate sources and equivalent materials are constantly being formulated by competitors in the polymer resin field.

                  TABLE III                                                        ______________________________________                                         Type of Graft                                                                  Co-polymer                                                                     Resin      Trademark   Manufacturer                                            ______________________________________                                         ABS        ABSON 120   Mobay Chemical Co.                                                             Penn Lincoln Parkway                                                           West                                                                           Pittsburgh, PA 15205                                               ABSON 161   Mobay Chemical Co.                                                             Penn Lincoln Parkway,                                                          West                                                                           Pittsburgh, PA 15205                                               ABSON 171   Mobay Chemical Co.                                                             Penn Lincoln Parkway,                                                          West                                                                           Pittsburgh, PA 15205                                               XP90030.01  The Dow Chemical Co.                                                           Midland, MI 48640                                                  XP74027.00  The Dow Chemical Co.                                                           Midland, MI 48640                                       MBS        KM 611      Rohm & Haas Co.                                                                Independence Mall                                                              West                                                                           Philadelphia, PA 19105                                             KM 608A     Rohm & Haas Co.                                                                Independence Mall                                                              West                                                                           Philadelphia, PA 19105                                             KM 653      Rohm & Haas Co.                                                                Independence Mall                                                              West                                                                           Philadelphia, PA 19105                                  MBS        KM 641      Rohm & Haas Co.                                                                Independence Mall                                                              West                                                                           Philadelphia, PA 19105                                             KM BTA-IIIS Rohm & Haas Co.                                                                Independence Mall                                                              West                                                                           Philadelphia, PA 19105                                             KM BTA-IIIF Rohm & Haas Co.                                                                Independence Mall                                                              West                                                                           Philadelphia, PA 19105                                  MABS       ACRYLOID    Rohm & Haas Co.                                                    KM 452      Independence Mall                                                              West                                                                           Philadelphia, PA 19105                                             BLENDEX 452 Borg-Warner Chemicals,                                                         Inc.                                                                           Technical Centre                                                               Washington, WV 26181                                    ASA        SCC 1015    Stauffer Chemical Co.                                                          299 Park Avenue                                                                New York, NY 10017                                      ALL-       KM 323B     Rohm & Haas Co.                                         ACRYLIC                Independence Mall                                                              West                                                                           Philadelphia, PA 19105                                             KM 330      Rohm & Haas Co.                                                                Independence Mall                                                              West                                                                           Philadelphia, PA 19105                                  SA-EPDM    ROVEL       Uniroyal Chemical                                                              Division of Uniroyal,                                                          Inc.                                                                           Naugatuck, CT 06770                                     MAS        VITAX       Hitachi, Ltd.                                                                  Tokyo, Japan                                            ______________________________________                                    

The present invention will be further illustrated by reference to the following examples which are intended to aid in the understanding of the invention but which are not to be construed as limitations thereof. All parts, proportions and percentages reported herein, unless otherwise specified, are by weight. All temperatures are expressed in degrees Celsius (°C).

GENERAL EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE

Unless indicated otherwise, preferred adhesive compositions were prepared by combining two separate (i.e., distinct) mixtures of methyl methacrylate ester monomer. One of the two monomer mixtures contained a chlorosulfonated polyethylene resin plus graft copolymer resins. The other of the monomer mixtures contained a graft co-polymer resin.

Adhesive base solutions for examples 1-38 were prepared as follows:

A forty percent solution of HYPALON 30 chlorsulfonated polyethylene in methyl methacrylate monomer (MMA) was prepared by rolling 1200 g of the polymer and 1800 g of MMA in a glass jar for two days.

The granular insoluble acids and derivatives thereof, used in Examples 1 through 31 were ground to a fine paste in methyl methacrylate monomer by rolling for two days at high speed 37.5 parts by weight (pbw) of acid and 62.5 pbw of MMA in a two ounce glass jar containing 4-8 glass spheres approximately 1.67 cm (0.66 in.) in diameter. The liquid or soluble acids or derivatives of Examples 32 through 38 were mixed in the monomer as received.

Adhesive test solutions were made by combining 20.07 pbw of MMA monomer, 60.20 pbw of the 40 percent solution of HYPALON 30 in MMA, 0.25 pbw of NAUGARD SCC BHT (butylated hydroxy toluene stabilizer) and sufficient acid or derivative to provide 0.116 moles of carboxylic acid functionality per 100 pbw of adhesive. After mixing these ingredients thoroughly with a spatula, 12.46 pbw of ACRYLOID KM 452 resin were added and thoroughly dispersed using a laboratory "Hochmeyer" high speed disperser. The solutions were allowed to stand for one day in order to solvate the ACRYLOID resin and remixed with the Hochmeyer mixer. Cumene hydroperoxide (0.5 pbw) was added followed by a brief final agitation with the Hochmeyer mixer.

The activator solution for Examples 1 through 38 was prepared by combining 72.5 pbw of MMA, 10.0 pbw of Stauffer SCC 1015 resin and 10.0 pbw of ACRYLOID KM 330 and mixing thoroughly with a spatula and then with the Hochmeyer mixer. The mixture was allowed to stand overnight to solvate the resins followed by mixing with the Hochmeyer mixer. Then 7.5 pbw of VANAX 808 was added and the solution was again mixed thoroughly with the Hochmeyer mixer.

Adhesive bonds were prepared by mixing equal parts of each test adhesive base with the above activator solution until the color was uniform indicating a thorough mix.

Bond samples for compressive shear testing (per ASTM D 905) were prepared from 0.635 cm×2.54 cm×2.54 cm (0.25 in.×1 in.×1 in.) and 0.635 cm×2.54 cm×5.08 cm (0.25 in.×1 in.×2 in.) pieces of nylon 6-6 bonded such that approximately 0.635 cm (0.25 in.) of overhang and 1.9 cm (0.75 in.) of overhang resulted at the top and bottom of the assembled test piece. Adhesive was applied to the center of the bonded area of the 5.08 cm (2 in.) test piece and a 1.27 cm×0.051 cm (0.5 in.×0.010 in.) wire ring spacer was placed in the center. The 2.54 cm (1 in.) test piece was aligned and pressed over the bonded area to squeeze the adhesive out of the perimeter on all sides to ensure complete coverage. Spring clamps were used to secure the bond during the curing process.

The bonded assemblies were allowed to set at ambient temperature (about 23° C.) for 30 minutes. Half of the bonded assemblies were placed in a constant temperature chamber at 23° C.±0.5° C. for two days prior to testing. The remaining bonded assemblies were placed in an oven at about 121° C. for 60 minutes and then allowed to stand at ambient temperature for two days prior to testing.

Bond samples for lap shear testing per ASTM D1002 were prepared from 2.54 cm×114.3 cm×0.318 cm (1 in.×4 in.×0.125 in.) coupons of Noryl GTX. The bonded areas of the coupons were scrubbed with an abrasive nylon ("Scotchbrite") pad soaked with isopropanol followed by wiping with a tissue soaked with fresh isopropanol. The bonds were assembled as above using the wire ring spacers, with an overlap of 1.27 cm (0.5 in.) and clamped during the curing process.

The following bond test results are the average of three individual specimens tested on an Instron tensile tester at 23° C. The compressive shear bonds with nylon 6-6 were tested at a crosshead speed of 0.127 cm (0.05 in.) per minute and the lap shear bonds with Noryl GTX were tested at 1.27 cm (0.5 in.) per minute.

As a guide to the effectiveness of the present adhesive compositions, the following examples report a number of additive materials, some of which improved the adhesive, some of which did not.

To determine which of the tested additive materials (organic acids or derivatives) promoted the bondability of the adhesive formulation, the following represent illustrative values for the purposes of the present disclosure:

(a) a minimum bond strength (in psi) of about 500;

(b) preferably a bond strength (in psi) of at least about 750;

(c) more preferably a bond strength (in psi) of at least about 1000; and

(d) most preferably a bond strength (in psi) of at least about 2000.

It should be noted that bond strengths vary depending upon the materials being bonded (here, Nylon 6-6 and NORYL GTX), the cure temperature, e.g., heat curing (about 121° C.) versus room temperature (R.T., from about 23° C. to 26° C.), and in some cases, with the presence or absence of added water. From the examples which follow, the skilled artisan will be able to readily determine those additive materials and/or conditions best suited for any particular application.

EXAMPLES 1-6

Examples 1-6 illustrate the enhanced bonding capability of adhesives containing the preferred acids of this invention relative to adhesives containing no carboxylic acid and the acrylic and methacrylic acids conventionally used in adhesives of this type.

EXAMPLES 1-3

    ______________________________________                                         Example      1         2          3                                            ______________________________________                                         Acid or      none      acrylic    methacrylic                                  derivative   (control) (control)  (control)                                    Soluble or   --        S          S                                            insoluble                                                                      (S or I)                                                                       Nylon 6-6                                                                      compressive                                                                    shear strength                                                                 (psi)                                                                          R.T. cure     90       480        610                                          heat cure    200       650        300                                          NORYL GTX lap                                                                  shear strength                                                                 (psi)                                                                          R.T. cure    450       570        510                                          heat cure    280       730        580                                          Acid strength                                                                               n.a.*     5.6 × 10.sup.-5                                                                     2.2 × 10.sup.-5                        of additive                                                                    K.sub.d or K.sub.1d                                                            pH of 0.2 N aqueous                                                                         n.a.      2.4        2.9                                          solution at 25° C.                                                      ______________________________________                                          *n.a.  not applicable or data not available                              

EXAMPLES 4-6

    ______________________________________                                         Example      4          5         6                                            ______________________________________                                         Acid or      maleic     oxalic    malonic                                      derivative                                                                     Soluble or   I          I         I                                            insoluble                                                                      (S or I)                                                                       Nylon 6-6                                                                      compressive                                                                    shear strength                                                                 (psi)                                                                          R.T. cure    2250       1450      1670                                         heat cure    3225       1110      1450                                         NORYL GTX lap                                                                  shear strength                                                                 (psi)                                                                          R.T. cure     550        220       560                                         heat cure    1700       1080      1030                                         Acid strength                                                                               1.4 × 10.sup.-2                                                                     5.9 × 10.sup.-2                                                                    1.5 × 10.sup.-3                        K.sub.d or K.sub.1d                                                            pH of 0.2 N aqueous                                                                         1.6        1.4       1.9                                          solution at 25° C.                                                      ______________________________________                                    

EXAMPLES 7-12

Examples 7 through 12 illustrate the effectiveness of carboxylic acids which are structurally related to maleic acid and vary in geometrical isomerism and substituent groups about the central carbon-carbon double bond.

EXAMPLES 7-9

    ______________________________________                                         Example     7          8          9                                            ______________________________________                                         Acid or     maleic     fumaric    acetylene                                    derivative  (control)             dicarboxylic                                 Soluble or  I          I          I                                            insoluble                                                                      (S or I)                                                                       Nylon 6-6                                                                      compressive                                                                    shear strength                                                                 (psi)                                                                          R.T. cure   2250       100        2160                                         heat cure   3225       250        1820                                         NORYL GTX lap                                                                  shear strength                                                                 (psi)                                                                          R.T. cure    550       150         140                                         heat cure   1700       410        1870                                         Acid strength                                                                              1.4 × 10.sup.-2                                                                     9.3 × 10.sup.-4                                                                     n.a.                                         K.sub.d or K.sub.1d                                                            pH of 0.2 N aqueous                                                                        1.6        2.0 @ 52° C.                                                                       1.8                                          solution at 25° C.                                                      ______________________________________                                    

EXAMPLES 10-12

    ______________________________________                                         Example      10        11         12                                           ______________________________________                                         Acid or      dibromo   citraconic mesaconic                                    derivative   maleic    (cis)      (trans)                                      Soluble or   S         I          I                                            insoluble                                                                      (S or I)                                                                       Nylon 6-6                                                                      compressive                                                                    shear strength                                                                 (psi)                                                                          R.T. cure    440       410        1420                                         heat cure    390       270        300                                          NORYL GTX lap                                                                  shear strength                                                                 (psi)                                                                          R.T. cure    370       n.t.**     360                                          heat cure    390       n.t.       480                                          Acid strength                                                                               n.a.      n.a.       8.2 × 10.sup.-4                        K.sub.d or K.sub.1d                                                            pH of 0.2 N aqueous                                                                         n.a.      2.2        n.a.                                         solution at 25° C.                                                      ______________________________________                                          **n.t.  not tested.                                                      

EXAMPLES 13-15

    ______________________________________                                         Example       13         14       15                                           ______________________________________                                         Acid or       cis-       trans-   trans-                                       derivative    aconitic   aconitic traumatic                                    Soluble or    I          I        I                                            insoluble                                                                      (S or I)                                                                       Nylon 6-6                                                                      compressive                                                                    shear strength                                                                 (psi)                                                                          R.T. cure     3280       800      390                                          heat cure     1130       765      900                                          NORYL GTX lap                                                                  shear strength                                                                 (psi)                                                                          R.T. cure      360       340      n.t.                                         heat cure      480       670      n.t.                                         Acid strength                                                                  K.sub.d or K.sub.1d                                                            pH of 0.2 N aqueous                                                                          1.6        1.9      n.a.                                         solution at 25° C.                                                      ______________________________________                                    

EXAMPLES 16-17

    ______________________________________                                         Example          16        17                                                  ______________________________________                                         Acid or          mono-butyl                                                                               dioctyl                                             derivative       maleate   maleate                                             Soluble or       S         S                                                   insoluble                                                                      (S or I)                                                                       Nylon 6-6                                                                      compressive                                                                    shear strength                                                                 (psi)                                                                          R.T. cure         30        30                                                 heat cure        220       140                                                 NORYL GTX lap                                                                  shear strength                                                                 (psi)                                                                          R.T. cure                                                                      heat cure                                                                      Acid strength    n.a.      n.a.                                                of additive                                                                    K.sub.d or K.sub.1d                                                            pH of 0.2 N aqueous                                                                             n.a.      n.a.                                                solution at 25° C.                                                      ______________________________________                                    

EXAMPLES 18-23

Examples 18 through 23 illustrate the effectiveness of dicarboxylic acids with varying chain lengths and degrees of unsaturation separating the acid groups.

EXAMPLES 18-20

    ______________________________________                                         Example      18         19        20                                           ______________________________________                                         Acid or      maleic     itaconic  succinic                                     derivative   (control)                                                         Soluble or   I          I         I                                            insoluble                                                                      (S or I)                                                                       Nylon 6-6                                                                      compressive                                                                    shear strength                                                                 (psi)                                                                          R.T. cure    2250       440       30                                           heat cure    3225       520        0                                           NORYL GTX lap                                                                  shear strength                                                                 (psi)                                                                          R.T. cure     550       380       n.t.                                         heat cure    1700       640       n.t.                                         Acid strength                                                                               1.4 × 10.sup.-2                                                                     1.4 × 10.sup.-4                                                                    6.2 × 10.sup.-5                        K.sub.d or K.sub.1d                                                            pH of 0.2 N aqueous                                                                         1.6        n.a.      n.a.                                         solution at 25° C.                                                      ______________________________________                                    

EXAMPLES 21-23

    ______________________________________                                         Example      21        22          23                                          ______________________________________                                         Acid or      trans, trans                                                                             trans-B     glutaconic                                  derivative   muconic   hydromuconic                                            Soluble or   I         I           I                                           insoluble                                                                      (S or I)                                                                       Nylon 6-6                                                                      compressive                                                                    shear strength                                                                 (psi)                                                                          R.T. cure     70        640        20                                          heat cure    340       2080        30                                          NORYL GTX lap                                                                  shear strength                                                                 (psi)                                                                          R.T. cure    110       n.t.        n.t.                                        heat cure    380       n.t.        n.t.                                        Acid strength                                                                               n.a.      n.a.        1.2 × 10.sup.-4                       K.sub.d or K.sub.1d                                                            pH of 0.2 N aqueous                                                                         n.a.      n.a.        n.a.                                        solution at 25° C.                                                      ______________________________________                                    

EXAMPLES 24-25

    ______________________________________                                         Example          24      25                                                    ______________________________________                                         Acid or          sebacic acetone                                               derivative               dicarboxylic                                          Soluble or       I       I                                                     insoluble                                                                      (S or I)                                                                       Nylon 6-6                                                                      compressive                                                                    shear strength                                                                 (psi)                                                                          R.T. cure        380     380                                                   heat cure        640     400                                                   NORYL GTX lap                                                                  shear strength                                                                 (psi)                                                                          R.T. cure        360     310                                                   heat cure        390     370                                                   Acid strength    n.a.    n.a.                                                  K.sub.d or K.sub.1d                                                            pH of 0.2 N aqueous                                                                             n.a.    2.0                                                   solution at 25° C.                                                      ______________________________________                                    

EXAMPLES 26-31

Examples 26-31 illustrate the effectiveness of acids and their derivatives with significant variation from maleic acid but with somewhat related structures.

EXAMPLES 26-28

    ______________________________________                                         Example      26        27         28                                           ______________________________________                                         Acid or      maleic    maleic     phthalic                                     derivative   (control) anhydride                                               Soluble or   I         S          I                                            insoluble                                                                      (S or I)                                                                       Nylon 6-6                                                                      compressive                                                                    shear strength                                                                 (psi)                                                                          R.T. cure    2250      840        80                                           heat cure    3225      180        150                                          NORYL GTX lap                                                                  shear strength                                                                 (psi)                                                                          R.T. cure    550        0         310                                          heat cure    1700      420        420                                          Acid strength                                                                               1.4 × 10.sup.-2                                                                    n.a.       1.1 × 10.sup.-5                        K.sub.d or K.sub.1d                                                            pH of 0.2 N aqueous                                                                         1.6       n.a.       n.a.                                         solution at 25° C.                                                      ______________________________________                                    

EXAMPLES 29-31

    ______________________________________                                         Example     29        30        31                                             ______________________________________                                         Acid        N--ethyl  N--ethyl  cis-5-norbornene                               or          maleamic  maleimide endo-2,3-                                      derivative                      dicarboxylic                                                                   acid                                           Soluble or  I         I         I                                              insoluble                                                                      (S or I)                                                                       Nylon 6-6                                                                      compressive                                                                    shear strength                                                                 (psi)                                                                          R.T. cure   130       100       550                                            heat cure   440       260       990                                            NORYL GTX lap                                                                  shear strength                                                                 (psi)                                                                          R.T. cure   300       310       460                                            heat cure   390       450       670                                            Acid strength                                                                              n.a.      n.a.      n.a.                                           K.sub.d or K.sub.1d                                                            pH of 0.2 N aqueous                                                                        2.4       n.a.      n.a.                                           solution at 25° C.                                                      ______________________________________                                    

EXAMPLES 32-38

Examples 32-38 illustrate the effectiveness of soluble organic carboxylic acids of varying strength in the adhesive formulations of the present invention.

EXAMPLES 32-34

    ______________________________________                                         Example    32          33        34                                            ______________________________________                                         Acid or    acetic      iodo-     chloro-                                       derivative             acetic    acetic                                        Soluble or S           S         S                                             insoluble                                                                      (S or I)                                                                       Nylon 6-6                                                                      compressive                                                                    shear strength                                                                 (psi)                                                                          R.T. cure  60          210       600                                           heat cure  50          100       770                                           Acid strength                                                                             1.8 × 10.sup.-5                                                                      7.2 × 10.sup.-4                                                                    1.5 × 10.sup.-3                         K.sub.d or K.sub.1d                                                            ______________________________________                                    

EXAMPLES 35-37

    ______________________________________                                         Example    35          36        37                                            ______________________________________                                         Acid or    dichloro-   trichloro-                                                                               difluoro-                                     derivative acetic      acetic    acetic                                        Soluble or S           S         S                                             insoluble                                                                      (S or I)                                                                       Nylon 6-6                                                                      compressive                                                                    shear strength                                                                 (psi)                                                                          R.T. cure  2520        2770      2530                                          heat cure  2880        1000      2100                                          Acid strength                                                                             4.3 × 10.sup.-2                                                                      2.2 × 10.sup.-1                                                                    n.a.                                          K.sub.d or K.sub.1d                                                            ______________________________________                                    

EXAMPLE 38

    ______________________________________                                         Acid or        trifluoro-                                                      derivative     acetic                                                          Soluble or     S                                                               insoluble                                                                      (S or I)                                                                       Nylon 6-6                                                                      compressive                                                                    shear strength                                                                 (psi)                                                                          R.T. cure      1240                                                            heat cure      2330                                                            Acid strength  5.8 × 10.sup.-1                                           K.sub.d or K.sub.1d                                                            ______________________________________                                    

EXAMPLES 39-48

Examples 39-48 illustrate the effectiveness of added water in increasing the effective bond strength of the strong organic acid (or derivative) containing adhesive compositions of the present invention. The adhesive bases for these examples were prepared essentially as those for the previous examples except that examples 40, 42, 44, 46 and 48 were prepared by adding 3 percent (by weight) water to the adhesive compositions of examples 39, 41, 43, 45, and 47 respectively followed by mixing with the Hochmeyer for 1 to 2 minutes.

EXAMPLES 39-40

    ______________________________________                                         Example         39      40                                                     ______________________________________                                         Acid or         maleic  maleic plus                                            derivative              3% H.sub.2 O                                           Soluble or      I       I                                                      Insoluble                                                                      (S or I)                                                                       Nylon 6-6                                                                      compressive                                                                    shear strength                                                                 (psi)                                                                          R.T. cure       1410    3500                                                   heat cure        990    4000                                                   Acid strength   1.14 × 10.sup.-2                                         K.sub.d or K.sub.1d                                                            ______________________________________                                    

EXAMPLES 41-42

    ______________________________________                                         Example         41      42                                                     ______________________________________                                         Acid or         oxalic  oxalic                                                 derivative              3% H.sub.2 O                                           Soluble or      I       I                                                      insoluble                                                                      (S or I)                                                                       Nylon 6-6                                                                      compressive                                                                    shear strength                                                                 (psi)                                                                          R.T. cure       1450     680                                                   heat cure       1110    1260                                                   Acid strength   5.4 × 10.sup.-2                                          K.sub.d or K.sub.1d                                                            ______________________________________                                    

EXAMPLES 43-44

    ______________________________________                                         Example         43       44                                                    ______________________________________                                         Acid or         malonic  malonic                                               derivative               3% H.sub.2 O                                          Soluble or      I        I                                                     insoluble                                                                      (S or I)                                                                       Nylon 6-6                                                                      compressive                                                                    shear strength                                                                 (psi)                                                                          R.T. cure       940      1290                                                  heat cure       870      1210                                                  Acid strength   1.6 × 10.sup.-3                                          K.sub.d or K.sub.1d                                                            ______________________________________                                    

EXAMPLES 45-46

    ______________________________________                                         Example        45        46                                                    ______________________________________                                         Acid or        mesaconic mesaconic                                             derivative               3% H.sub.2 O                                          Soluble or     I         I                                                     insoluble                                                                      (S or I)                                                                       Nylon 6-6                                                                      compressive                                                                    shear strength                                                                 (psi)                                                                          R.T. cure      420       1710                                                  heat cure      490       3280                                                  Acid strength  8.2 × 10.sup.-4                                           K.sub.d or K.sub.1d                                                            ______________________________________                                    

EXAMPLE 47-48

    ______________________________________                                         Example         47         48                                                  ______________________________________                                         Acid or         monomethyl monomethyl                                          derivative      ester of   ester of                                                            maleic acid                                                                               maleic acid                                                                    plus                                                                           3% H.sub.2 O                                        Soluble or      S          S                                                   insoluble                                                                      (S or I)                                                                       Nylon 6-6                                                                      compressive                                                                    shear strength                                                                 (psi)                                                                          R.T. cure       130        2980                                                heat cure       660        3280                                                pH of 0.2 N aqueous                                                                            2.3                                                            solution at 25° C.                                                      ______________________________________                                    

EXAMPLES 49-54

The adhesives for Examples 49-54 were prepared by combining 89 parts of the appropriate polymer/methyl methacrylate solution, the appropriate acid, 0.5 parts cumene hydroperoxide, 0.25 parts BHT, and in the case of Examples 53 and 54, 0.15 parts diphenylether disulfonyl chloride. The ingredients were mixed together by hand until uniform. The specific ingredients and amounts for these examples are as follows:

    ______________________________________                                                      Example No./Amount (pbw)                                          Ingredients    49     50     51   52   53   54                                 ______________________________________                                         40% HYPALON    89     89     0    0    0    0                                  30/MMA                                                                         40% HYPALON    0      0      89   89   0    0                                  20/MMA                                                                         40% VAMAC G/MMA                                                                               0      0      0    0    89   89                                 Methacrylic acid                                                                              10     0      10   0    10   10                                 Cumene hydroperoxide                                                                          0.5    0.5    0.5  0.5  0.5  0.5                                Butylated hydroxy                                                                             0.25   0.25   0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25                               toluene (BHT)                                                                  37.5% maleic acid/                                                                            0      17.87  0    17.87                                                                               0    17.87                              MMA paste                                                                      Diphenyl ether 0      0      0    0    0.15 0.15                               disulfonyl chloride                                                            ______________________________________                                    

The activator solution for Examples 49-54 was prepared as follows:

A solution of 3.85 parts Union Carbide VYNS vinyl resin and 76.9 parts methyl ethyl ketone was prepared by rolling the ingredients in a glass jar for 1 day. To this solution was added 19.23 parts VANOX 808 and 0.000008 parts copper acetylacetonate followed by mixing by hand with a spatula.

Sample Preparation:

A thin coat of activator was applied to both surfaces of the nylon being bonded. The adhesive formulation was placed on top of the activator and a ring of 10 mil wire was placed in the bond to control thickness. The two pieces of nylon were assembled, cured and tested as described in Examples 1-38.

Examples 49-54 illustrate the results of adding the most preferred organic acid, maleic acid in effecting improved bond strength with surface cured adhesives based upon various polymers such as those described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,890,407 and 4,112,013 using a surface applied activator. The disclosures of these patents are incorporated herein by reference.

EXAMPLES 49-51

    ______________________________________                                         Example      49         50        51                                           ______________________________________                                         Polymer      Hypalon    Hypalon   Hypalon                                                   30         30        20                                           Acid         methacrylic                                                                               maleic    methacrylic                                  Nylon 6-6                                                                      compressive                                                                    shear strength                                                                 (psi)                                                                          No added water:                                                                R.T. cure    620         450      540                                          heat cure    290        1460      400                                          With 3% added water:                                                           R.T. cure    920        2650      410                                          heat cure    1400       3030      910                                          ______________________________________                                    

EXAMPLES 52-54

    ______________________________________                                         Example       52        53         54                                          ______________________________________                                         Polymer       Hypalon   Vamac G    Vamac G                                                   20        E/A.sup.+  E/A.sup.+                                   Acid          maleic    methacrylic                                                                               maleic                                      Nylon 6-6                                                                      compressive                                                                    shear strength                                                                 (psi)                                                                          No added water:                                                                R.T. cure     170       420        320                                         heat cure     1360      440        420                                         With 3% added water:                                                           R.T. cure     540       610        480                                         heat cure     630       1025       480                                         ______________________________________                                          .sup.+ E/A  Ethylene/acrylate copolymer                                  

EXAMPLES 55-61

Examples 55-61 illustrate the effectiveness of the preferred acid of the present invention (maleic) in adhesive formulations prepared from a variety of polymer types, individually and in combination.

For these examples, the following adhesive and activator solutions were prepared by rolling each of the polymers in their respective monomer solutions until dissolution was complete. The remaining additives were added and stirred or rolled until uniform mixtures were obtained. The maleic acid was added as an 11.2 percent ball milled paste in MMA monomer and the monomer level was adjusted to provide the proportions indicated.

    ______________________________________                                         ADHESIVES       A       B     C      D   E                                     ______________________________________                                         HYPALON 30      40      --    --     --  --                                    ELVACITE 2009   --      45    --     --  --                                    VAMAC G         --      --    25     --  --                                    ABS molding resin                                                                              --      --    --     25  --                                    VYNS resin      --      --    --     --  11                                    MMA monomer     59      54    74     74  88                                    DPESC           --      0.5   0.5    0.5 0.5                                   Cumene hydroperoxide                                                                           1.0     1.0   1.0    1.0 1.0                                   ______________________________________                                         ACID            10 parts methacrylic acid (MMA)                                                or 6.7 parts maleic acid (MA)                                                  as indicated in the Examples                                   ACTIVATORS      1     2          3   4                                         ______________________________________                                         ELVACITE 2009   40    --         --  --                                        VAMAC G         --    25         --  --                                        ABS molding resin                                                                              --    --         25  --                                        VYNS resin      --    --         --  10                                        MMA monomer     50    65         65  80                                        VANAX 808       10    10         10  10                                        ______________________________________                                    

Example 55-56

    ______________________________________                                         Example      55             56                                                 ______________________________________                                         Solutions    A + 1          A + 2                                              Polymer types                                                                               CSPE/p-MMA     CSPE/E/A.sup.+                                     Acid         MAA     MA         MAA   MA                                       Nylon 6-6***                                                                   compressive                                                                    shear strength                                                                 (psi)                                                                          R.T. cure    565      960        930  1995                                     heat cure    415     1555       1120  2560                                     ______________________________________                                          ***bonds were shimmed to provide a bond thickness of 0.05 in. (1.27 mm).       .sup.+ E/A  Ethyleneacrylate copolymer                                   

EXAMPLES 57-58

    ______________________________________                                         Example      57           58                                                   ______________________________________                                         Solutions    A + 3        B + 1                                                Polymer types                                                                               CSPE/ABS     p-MMA/p-MMA                                          Acid         MAA     MA       MAA    MA                                        Nylon 6-6***                                                                   compressive                                                                    shear strength                                                                 (psi)                                                                          R.T. cure    630     1605     295    760                                       heat cure    810     2735     455    915                                       ______________________________________                                          ***bonds were shimmed to provide a bond thickness of 0.05 in. (1.27 mm). 

EXAMPLES 59-61

    ______________________________________                                         Example   59          60          61                                           ______________________________________                                         Solutions C + 2       D + 3       E + 4                                        Polymer types                                                                            E/A.sup.+ /E/A.sup.+                                                                       Vinyl/Vinyl                                                        ABS/ABS                                                              Acid      MAA     MA      MAA   MA    MAA   MA                                 Nylon 6-6***                                                                   compressive                                                                    shear strength                                                                 (psi)                                                                          R.T. cure 835     2190    1050  1935  280   2400                               heat cure 150      50      885  1425  295   1090                               ______________________________________                                          ***bonds were shimmed to provide a bond thickness of 0.05 in. (1.27 mm).       .sup.+ E/A  Ethyleneacrylate copolymer                                   

EXAMPLES 62-66

The adhesives of these examples were prepared as in Examples 1-38 except that the maleic acid level was varied. The activator was the same as employed in Examples 1-38. The sample preparation and testing were also the same as in Examples 1-38.

EXAMPLES 62-64

    ______________________________________                                         Example        62         63     64                                            ______________________________________                                         Maleic acid     0         0.05   0.5                                           percent by wt.                                                                 Nylon 6-6                                                                      compressive                                                                    shear strength                                                                 (psi)                                                                          No added water:                                                                R.T. cure       60         80     50                                           heat cure       90        110    250                                           With 3% added water:                                                           R.T. cure      150        180    320                                           heat cure      550        750    2100                                          ______________________________________                                    

EXAMPLES 65-66

    ______________________________________                                         Example             65     66                                                  ______________________________________                                         Maleic acid         6.7    16.0                                                percent by wt.                                                                 Nylon 6-6                                                                      compressive                                                                    shear strength                                                                 (psi)                                                                          No added water:                                                                R.T. cure           1600   1850                                                heat cure           1390   1050                                                With 3% added water:                                                           R.T. cure           4100   1850                                                heat cure           2650   2700                                                ______________________________________                                    

EXAMPLE 69

The following example describes the repair of a section of standard fiberglass (e.g., boat, auto, snowmobile, etc.) using the adhesive formulation of the present invention to improve the strength of the repair site.

A. Adhesive/filler:

The adhesive used for this repair situation was prepared by combining 60.2 pbw of 40% HYPALON 30 in MMA, 20.07 pbw methyl methacrylate, 0.25 pbw NAUGUARD SCC, 6.67 pbw of a 60% maleic acid/methyl methacrylate paste (prepared as in the General Experimental Procedure), 5 pbw methacrylic acid and 12.46 pbw ACRYLOID KM 452. These ingredients were mixed thoroughly in a Hochmeyer mixer until uniform and allowed to stand at room temperature for one day. Then the mixture was again mixed in the Hochmeyer mixer followed by the addition of 0.5 pbw of cumene hydroperoxide and additional mixing. Finally, 10 pbw P.Q. Corp. Q-Cell 600 hollow glass spheres having a mean particle size of 62 microns were added and the adhesive was mixed by hand until uniform.

B. Activator:

The activator for this repair system was prepared by combining 76.31 pbw methyl methacrylate, 10.41 pbw ACRYLOID KM 330, and 9.63 pbw STAUFFER SCC 1015. These materials were mixed with the Hochmeyer mixer and allowed to stand at room temperature for 1 day. To this solution was next added 10 pbw of VANAX 808 and 0.00003 pbw copper acetlyacetonate, followed by mixing in the Hochmeyer mixer. Finally, 10 pbw P.Q. Corp. Q-Cell 600 hollow glass spheres were added and the mixture was stirred by hand until uniform.

C. Optional Primer:

While as primer may not be necessary with this repair system, the following primer was prepared and used in this example.

A solution of 3.85 pbw Union Carbide VYNS (vinyl resin) and 76.9 pbw methyl ethyl ketone (MEK) was prepared by rolling the ingredients in a glass jar for 1 day. To the resulting solution was added 19.23 pbw VANAX 808 and 0.000008 pbw copper aceteylacetonate. This solution was mixed by hand until uniform.

D. Repair Procedure:

The hole to be repaired was in a fiberglass auto fender and was approximately three inches in diameter. The surrounding two inches of fiberglass was sanded with No. 36 grit sandpaper using an air grinder. The area was then cleaned by wiping with a clean tissue soaked with isopropanol. A thin coat of primer was applied to the sanded area with a brush.

Appoximately 50 g of adhesive and 50 g of activator were mixed together by hand for one minute. A sufficient amount of this mixture was applied to one side of a 6 in.×6 in. piece of 2 oz. fiberglass mat to give a uniform coat. This "patch" was placed over the hole in the fiberglass on the interior side of the fender. The remaining mixture was applied to the opposite side of the fiberglass mat, coating the back side of the patch. The patch was allowed to cure for 30 minutes at room temperature.

Approximately 50 g of adhesive and 50 g of activator were then mixed and applied over the fiberglass mat from the exterior side of the fender. After 30 minutes cure, the excess adhesive from this side of the fender was removed with a rasp, followed by sanding the area with No. 36 grit sandpaper, then No. 100 grit sandpaper using an air grinder. The area was then boardsanded with No. 100 grit sandpaper.

To fill in scratches and rough areas, a coat of polyester-styrene based feather fill was applied over the repaired area. After hardening, the excess material was removed with a rasp, followed by boardsanding and finally sanding with a dual action air sander with No. 220 grit sandpaper.

A coat of solvent based grey primer surface was applied with an air spray gun. After drying, this was sanded with No. 200 and No. 400 grit sandpapers. The topcoat for this repaired fender consisted of four coats of SIKKENS black urethane paint applied with an air spray gun. After drying overnight the repaired area was buffed to give a very high gloss black finish with the repaired area being completely undetectable.

The following table (IV) is a summary of many of the commercial products that were employed in the examples of the present invention.

                  TABLE IV                                                         ______________________________________                                                        Trade Name                                                      General Name   or Synonyms   Manufacturer(s)                                   ______________________________________                                         Polymers:                                                                      Chlorosulfonated                                                                              HYPALON       Du Pont                                           polyethylene   CSPE                                                            Methacrylate-  ACRYLOID      Rohm & Haas                                       acrylonitrile  KM452 MABS                                                      butadiene styrene                                                              modifier resin                                                                 Methacrylate-  ACRYLOID      Rohm & Haas                                       butadiene styrene                                                                             KM753 MBS                                                       modifier resin                                                                 Acrylic modifier                                                                              ACRYLOID      Rohm & Haas                                       resin          KM330                                                           Acrylonitrile-styrene-                                                                        SCC 1015      Stauffer                                          acrylate modifier                                                                             ASA                                                             resin                                                                          Ethylene/methacrylate                                                                         VAMAC         Du Pont                                           copolymer                                                                      Poly (methyl-  ELVACITE      Dow                                               methacrylate)  2009 p-MMA                                                      Acrylonitrile- ABS grade 500 Dow                                               butadiene-styrene                                                              molding resin                                                                  (natural)                                                                      Vinyl chloride/                                                                               BAKELITE      Union Carbide                                     vinyl acetate  VYNS                                                            copolymer                                                                      Monomers:                                                                      Methylmethacrylate                                                                            MMA           Du Pont &                                         (10 ppm MEHQ inhibitor)      Rohm & Haas                                       Butylmethacrylate                                                                             BMA           Du Pont &                                         (10 ppm MEHQ inhibitor)      Rohm & Haas                                       2-ethylhexyl   2-EHMA        Du Pont                                           methacrylate                                                                   (10 ppm MEHQ                                                                   inhibitor)                                                                     Tetrahydrofurfuryl                                                                            THFMA         Arco Specialty                                    methacrylate   SR-203        Chemicals                                         (120 ppm MEHQ                                                                  inhibitor)                                                                     Hydroxyethyl   HEMA          Rohm & Haas                                       methacrylate                                                                   (1200 ppm MEHQ                                                                 inhibitor)                                                                     Methacrylic acid                                                                              MAA           Rohm & Haas                                       (250 ppm MEHQ                                                                  inhibitor)                                                                     Acrylic acid                 Union Carbide                                     (220 ppm MEHQ                Rohm & Haas                                       inhibitor)                                                                     Activators & Stabilizers:                                                      Cumene hydroperoxide                                                                          CHP           Hercules                                          (80%)                                                                          Butyraldehyde-aniline                                                                         VANAX 808     Vanderbilt                                        R.T. reaction product                                                          Butylated hydroxy                                                                             IONOL         Shell                                             toluene, 2,6 -di-p-                                                                           NAUGARD SCC   Uniroyal                                          tertiarybutyl-p-                                                                              BHT                                                             cresol                                                                         ______________________________________                                    

The present invention has been described in detail, including the preferred embodiments thereof. However, it will be appreciated that those skilled in the art, upon consideration of the present disclosure, may make modifications and/or improvements on this invention and still be within the scope and spirit of this invention as set forth in the following claims. 

What is claimed is:
 1. An adhesive composition comprising:(a) an acrylic or methacrylic ester based monomer; (b) a polymerization catalyst; (c) a sulfur-bearing composition selected from the group of chlorosulfonated polyethylene and a mixture of sulfonyl chloride with chlorinated polyethylene in a polymerizable vinyl monomer or a mixture of monomers and a polymerization catalyst; and (d) an effective amount of a strong organic acid wherein the acid has a dissociation constant (K_(d) or K_(1d)) within the range of from about 1×10⁻⁴ to about 10×10⁻¹ or wherein an 0.2N aqueous solution of the acid has a pH in the range of from about 1.2 to 2.3.
 2. The adhesive composition of claim 1, wherein the sulfur bearing composition contains from about 25 to 70 weight percent chlorine.
 3. The adhesive composition of claim 1, wherein the sulfur bearing composition contains from about 3 to 160 mmoles sulfonyl chloride moiety per 100 grams of polymer.
 4. The adhesive composition of claim 1, wherein the strong organic acid has a dissociation constant (K_(d) or K_(1d)) within the range of from about 1×10⁻² to about 1×10⁻¹.
 5. The adhesive composition of claim 1, wherein the strong organic acid has a dissociation constant (K_(d) or K_(1d)) of about 1.4×10⁻².
 6. The adhesive composition of claim 5, wherein the strong organic acid is maleic acid.
 7. The adhesive composition of claim 1, wherein the strong organic acid is added to the adhesive formulation as a dispersion in an amount ranging from about 0.1 parts to 20 parts per hundred.
 8. The adhesive composition of claim 1, wherein the strong organic acid is added to the adhesive formulation as a dispersion in an amount ranging from about 0.5 to 10 parts per hundred.
 9. The adhesive composition of claim 1, wherein the strong organic acid is added to the adhesive formulation as an aqueous solution in an amount ranging from about 0.1 parts to 20 parts per hundred.
 10. The adhesive composition of claim 1, wherein the strong organic acid is added to the adhesive formulation as an aqueous solution in an amount ranging from about 0.5 parts to 10 parts per hundred.
 11. The adhesive composition of claim 1, wherein an 0.2N aqueous solution of the strong organic acid has a pH in the range of from about 1.3 to 2.0.
 12. The adhesive composition of claim 1, wherein the polyethylene from which the chlorosulfonated or chlorinated polyethylene is prepared has a melt index of from about 4 to
 500. 13. An adhesive composition comprising:(a) a polymer-in-monomer solution; (b) a compound selected from the group consisting of (1) an organic sulfonyl chloride having up to 20 carbon atoms; (2) a chlorosulfonated polymer; and (3) mixtures thereof; (c) a polymerization catalyst; and (d) an effective amount of a strong organic acid wherein the acid has a dissociation constant (K_(d) or K_(1d)) within the range of from about 1×10⁻⁴ to about 6×10⁻¹ or wherein an 0.2N aqueous solution of the acid has a pH in the range of from about 1.2 to 2.3.
 14. The adhesive composition of claim 13, wherein the polymer of the polymer-in-monomer solution is present in the amount of from 10 to 75 percent by weight of the solution.
 15. The adhesive composition of claim 13, wherein the organic sulfonyl chloride is present in an amount such that from about 3 to 160 mmoles of sulfonyl chloride groups are present per 100 grams of polymer.
 16. The adhesive composition of claim 13, wherein the polymerization catalyst is present at up to about 15 weight percent of the total solution.
 17. The adhesive composition of claim 13, wherein the polymerization catalyst is present at from about 0.2 to 5 weight percent.
 18. The adhesive composition of claim 13, further comprising an accelerator which is present in an amount between about 0.01 to 10 percent by weight of the solution.
 19. The adhesive composition of claim 18, wherein the accelerator is present in an amount between about 0.1 to 5 weight percent.
 20. The adhesive composition of claim 13, wherein the strong organic acid has a dissociation constant (K_(d) or K_(1d)) within the range of from about 1×10⁻² to about 1×10⁻¹.
 21. The adhesive composition of claim 13, wherein the strong organic acid has a dissociation constant (K_(d) or K_(1d)) of about 1.4×10⁻².
 22. The adhesive composition of claim 21, wherein the strong organic acid is maleic acid.
 23. The adhesive composition of claim 13, wherein the strong organic acid is added to the adhesive formulation as a dispersion in an amount ranging from about 0.1 parts to 20 parts per hundred.
 24. The adhesive composition of claim 13, wherein the strong organic acid is added to the adhesive formulation as a dispersion in an amount ranging from about 0.5 to 10 parts per hundred.
 25. The adhesive composition of claim 13, wherein the strong organic acid is added to the adhesive formulation as an aqueous solution in an amount ranging from about 0.1 parts to 20 parts per hundred.
 26. The adhesive composition of claim 13, wherein the strong organic acid is added to the adhesive formulation as an aqueous solution in an amount ranging from about 0.5 parts to 10 parts per hundred.
 27. The adhesive composition of claim 13, wherein an 0.2N aqueous solution of the strong organic acid has a pH in the range of from about 1.3 to 2.0. 